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Retrieved 3 April 2018. But it was not until the 1972 release of the film that local productions became popular outside of Hong Kong. Retrieved 24 June 2018. Older government installations are civil examples of colonial architecture. Climate Hong Kong has a Cwa characteristic of southern China. By the end of this war, Hong Kong had morphed from a transient colonial outpost into a major. Post-handover administrations continued and expanded on these programmes, including guarantees, aa minimum wage,and a del mortgage backer.
Along with , , , , and several other major cities in , the territory forms a core part of the metropolitan region, the most populated area in the world. Hong Kong was formerly , after ceded at the conclusion of the in 1842. Originally a lightly populated area of farming and fishing villages, the territory has become one of the most significant financial centres and trade ports in the world. With the exception of the , during which the colony was occupied by the , Hong Kong remained under British control until 1997, when it was. As a , Hong Kong maintains a separate political and economic system apart from. As the world's seventh-largest trading entity, the territory's legal tender, the , is the. Hong Kong's is characterised by and supported by its. Although the city boasts one of the highest in the world, it suffers severe. The territory features , surrounding , which lies in the centre of the city's dense urban region. It has a very high and the in the world. Over 90% of its population makes use of well-developed. Seasonal from neighbouring industrial areas of mainland China has resulted in a high level of in winter. The source of the romanised name is not known, but it is generally believed to be an early phonetic rendering of the pronunciation hēung góng. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before developed. Regardless of origin, the indicates Hong Kong Island using this name, which has referred to the entire territory ever since. The simplified name Hong Kong was frequently used by 1810, though it was also written as a single word. Hongkong was common until 1926, when the government officially adopted the two-word form. Some corporations founded during the early colonial era still keep this name, including and. Main articles: and The region was first occupied by humans during the period, around 6,000 years ago. Early Hong Kong settlers were a semi-coastal people who migrated from inland regions and brought with them knowledge of rice cultivation. The incorporated the Hong Kong area into China for the first time in 214 BCE, after. The region was consolidated under the kingdom following Qin collapse, but recaptured by China after the. During the , the court was briefly stationed in modern-day the site before the its final defeat at the in 1279. By the end of the , seven large families had settled in the region and owned most of the land. Settlers from nearby provinces migrated to Kowloon throughout the. The earliest European visitor was explorer , who arrived in 1513. Though these traders were expelled after in the 1520s, Luso-Chinese trade relations were by 1549. Portugal later acquired a permanent lease for in 1557. After the , maritime trade was banned under the doctrine. The lifted the prohibition and allowed foreigners to enter Chinese ports in 1684. Qing authorities established the in 1757 to more strictly regulate trade, restricting non-Russian ships to the port of. While European demand for Chinese commodities like tea, silk, and porcelain was high, Chinese interest in European manufactured goods was negligible. To counter this trade imbalance, the British sold large volumes of Indian to China. Faced with a drug crisis, Qing officials pursued ever more aggressive actions to halt the opium trade. The rejected proposals to legalise and tax opium, and instead ordered to eradicate the opium trade in 1839. The commissioner destroyed opium stockpiles and stopped all foreign trade, forcing a British military response and starting the. The Qing initially conceded early in the war and ceded in the. However, both countries were dissatisfied and did not ratify this agreement. After over a year of further hostilities, Hong Kong Island was formally ceded to the under the on 29 August 1842. Administrative infrastructure was very quickly built up by early 1842, but frequent piracy, endemic disease, and hostile Qing policies towards Hong Kong prevented the government from attracting merchants. The improved the island's conditions, when many wealthier Chinese fled from the turbulent conditions of the mainland and settled in the colony. Further tensions between the British and Qing over the opium trade escalated into the. The defeated Qing were again forced to give up land, ceding and in the. By the end of this war, Hong Kong had morphed from a transient colonial outpost into a major. Rapid economic improvement in the 1850s attracted foreign investment, as potential stakeholders became more confident in the future of the colony. The colony was expanded further in 1898, when Britain obtained a of the. The was established in 1911 as the territory's first higher education institute. At the start of the in 1937, declared Hong Kong a neutral zone to safeguard its status as a free port. The colonial government prepared for a possible attack by evacuating all British women and children in 1940. The attacked Hong Kong on 8 December 1941, on the same morning as. The colony was for almost four years, before Britain resumed control on 30 August 1945. Hong Kong's population recovered quickly after the war, as skilled Chinese migrants fled from the. Even more refugees crossed the border when the took full control of mainland China in 1949. Hong Kong became the first of the to industrialise in the 1950s. With a rapidly rising population, the colonial government started reforms to improve infrastructure and public services. The , , and were all established in the post-war decades to provide safer housing, a clean civil service, and more reliable transport. The territory's competitiveness in manufacturing gradually declined due to rising labour and property costs, but it made a successful transition to a services-based economy. By the early 1990s, Hong Kong had established itself as a global financial centre and shipping hub. As the end of the New Territories lease drew closer, the colony faced an uncertain future and raised the question of Hong Kong's status with in 1979. Diplomatic negotiations with China resulted in the in 1984. The United Kingdom agreed to transfer the entire colony in 1997 and China would guarantee Hong Kong's economic and political systems for 50 years after the transfer. The impending retrocession triggered a , as residents feared an erosion of civil rights, the rule of law, and quality of life. Over half a million people in total left the territory during the peak migration period from 1987 until 1996. Immediately after the transfer of sovereignty, Hong Kong was severely affected by several crises. The government was forced to use substantial to maintain the Hong Kong dollar's currency peg during the , but the recovery from this was muted by the outbreak as well as a housing oversupply crisis. All of this was followed by the epidemic in 2003, during which the territory suffered its most serious economic downturn. After reversal of the last colonial era Legislative Council immediately following the handover, the regional government unsuccessfully attempted to enact sweeping pursuant to. The central government decision to implement before allowing triggered in 2014, collectively known as the Umbrella Revolution. Discrepancies in the electorate registry and disqualification of elected legislators following the , as well as enforcement of national law in the have raised extreme concern over the region's jurisdictional independence. The legislature meets in the in. Hong Kong is a with executive, legislative, and judicial powers from the. It has an system, inherited from its time as a British colony. The guarantees the territory's capitalist economy and assures local self-governance for 50 years after the , except in diplomatic and military affairs, which the central authority is responsible for. When acting with the Executive Council, the can propose new bills, may issue , and has authority to the legislature. The Chief Executive is the head of government and serves for a five-year term, renewable once. The appoints the Chief Executive after nomination by the , which is composed of 1,200 prominent business, community, and government leaders. The Legislative Council has 70 members sitting for a four-year term: 35 directly elected from and 35 representing. All popularly elected members are chosen using. The 30 limited electorate functional constituencies fill their seats using or voting. These parties have aligned themselves into three ideological groups: the who form the current government, the , and. The does not have an official political presence in Hong Kong and its members do not run in local elections. Hong Kong is represented in the by chosen through an electoral college and 203 delegates in the appointed by the central government. The formerly housed the and the before its current function. The territorial judicial system is based on , continuing the legal tradition established during British rule. Local courts may refer to precedents set in and overseas jurisprudence. However, interpretative and amending power over the Basic Law itself and jurisdiction over acts of state lie with the central authority, making regional courts ultimately subordinate to the system of the mainland. Additionally, decisions made by the can override territorial judicial processes. Jurisdictional independence of the territory is most apparent is its and taxation. The issues for permanent residents different from those of the mainland or Macau. The region also maintains a with the rest of the country. All travellers between Hong Kong and both China and Macau must pass through border controls, regardless of nationality. Chinese citizens resident in mainland China do not have , and are subject to immigration controls. Public finances are handled independently of the national government and taxes levied in Hong Kong do not fund the central authority. The is responsible for the region's defence. The is of the armed forces, but the regional government may request assistance from the garrison. Hong Kong residents are not required to perform military service and current law also has no provision for local enlistment, meaning that the defending force is composed entirely of non-Hongkonger personnel. The central government and handle diplomatic affairs, but Hong Kong retains the ability to maintain separate economic and cultural. The territory actively participates in the , forum, , and many agencies. The regional government maintains throughout and in other nations. Administrative divisions Main articles: and The territory is administratively divided into 18 districts. A represents each district and advises the government on local issues such as public facility provisioning, community programme maintenance, cultural promotion, and environmental policy. There are a total of 479 seats in the District Councils, 452 of which are directly elected. Presentation of an electoral reform consultation report in 2014 and 68 state that the ultimate goal is for both the Chief Executive and all members of the Legislative Council to be selected by universal suffrage. While the legislature is now partially directly elected, the executive continues to be selected by means other than direct election. The government faces ongoing calls to introduce direct election of the Chief Executive and all Legislative Council members. These efforts have been partially successful; the Election Committee no longer selects a portion of the Legislative Council. Ethnic minorities, excluding those of European ancestry, have marginal representation in government and are often discriminated against while seeking housing, education, and employment opportunities. Employment vacancies and public service appointments frequently have language requirements, which minority job seekers frequently fail to meet, while language education resources remain inadequate for Chinese learners. Although residing and working in Hong Kong, workers of this class are not treated as ordinarily resident, barring them from eligibility for right of abode. The Joint Declaration guarantees the functioning of the Basic Law only for 50 years after the transfer of sovereignty. It does not specify how Hong Kong is to be governed after 2047, and how the central government will determine the territory's system of government past this point is the subject of political debate and speculation. It is possible that Hong Kong's political and judicial systems will be reintegrated with China's at this date or the territory may have its autonomy extended for a further period of time. Areas of urban development and vegetation are visible in this false-colour satellite image. Hong Kong is located on the southern coast of China, 60 km 37 mi east of , at the mouth of the Pearl River estuary on its eastern side. It is surrounded by the on all sides except its northern boundary, which neighbours the Guangdong city of along the Sham Chun River. The territory's 2,755 km 2 1,064 sq mi area consists of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon Peninsula, the New Territories, Lantau Island, and over 200 other offshore islands. Of the total area, 1,106 km 2 427 sq mi is land and 1,649 km 2 637 sq mi is water. The territory's highest point is , at 957 metres 3,140 ft above sea level. Urban development is concentrated on Kowloon Peninsula, Hong Kong Island, and in located throughout the New Territories. Much of this is built on , due to the lack of developable flat land; an area of 70 km 2 27 sq mi , representing 6 per cent of total land or about 25 per cent of developed space in the territory, is reclaimed from the sea. Undeveloped terrain is largely hilly to mountainous with very little flat land, consisting mostly of grassland, woodland, shrubland, or is used for agriculture. About 40 per cent of the remaining land area is reserved as and nature reserves. The territory has a highly diverse ecosystem: over 3,000 species of occur in the region, 300 of which are native to Hong Kong, as well as thousands of other insect, avian, and marine species. Climate Hong Kong has a Cwa characteristic of southern China. Summer is hot and humid with occasional showers and thunderstorms, with warm air coming from the southwest. Winters are mild and usually start sunny, becoming cloudier towards February; the occasional cold front brings strong, cooling winds from the north. The most temperate seasons are spring, which can be changeable, and autumn, which is generally sunny and dry. Snowfall is extremely rare, and usually occurs in areas of high elevation. Hong Kong averages 1,709 hours of sunshine per year, while the highest and lowest ever recorded temperatures at the are 36. The highest and lowest ever recorded temperatures across all of Hong Kong, on the other hand, are 38. Climate data for Hong Kong , normals 1981—2010, extremes 1884—1939 and 1947—present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C °F 26. A lack of available restricted development to high-density residential tenements and commercial complexes packed closely together on areas of improvable land. The and are the tallest buildings in Hong Kong and among the tallest in the Asia-Pacific region. Other distinct towers line the Hong Kong Island skyline, including the , the -topped triangular , the circular , and the sharp-edged. High demand for new construction has contributed to frequent demolition of older buildings, freeing space for the development of modern architecture high-rises. Despite this, many examples of European and can be found throughout the territory. Older government installations are enduring examples of colonial architecture. Some remain used in their originally intended functions, including the and the , while others have been modified for ; the was extensively redeveloped into a commercial and retail complex and , built in 1875 as a , currently houses the. The , dedicated to the sea goddess and originally constructed in 1012 then rebuilt in 1266, is the oldest standing structure in the territory. The contains architectural examples from several dynastic eras of imperial China, including the , the only remaining pagoda in Hong Kong. These were especially prolific during the immediate post-war period, when many were rapidly constructed to house large numbers of migrants from China. Examples of this mixed style include , the in , and the in. Mass produced constructed from the 1960s on were largely built in the. Main articles: and The estimated the population to be 7,409,800 people as of December 2017. The overwhelming majority 92% of the population is , the majority of whom are , , , and a variety of other. The remaining 8% is composed of non-ethnic Chinese minorities, mostly , , and. About half of the population has some form of British nationality, a legacy of colonial rule. The vast majority of them also hold , which was automatically granted to all Chinese residents at the transfer of sovereignty. The predominant language is , a originating in. Slightly over half of the population 53. Post-handover governments have promoted , which is now about as prevalent as English; 48. Followers of other religions, including , , , and the , generally ethnically originate from the same region as their faith. Of residents aged 15 and older, 81. Mandatory education has contributed to an adult literacy rate of 95. While comparatively lower than that of other developed economies, this rate is due to the influx of refugees from mainland China during the post-war colonial era. Much of the elderly population were not formally educated as a result of war and poverty. Life expectancy in Hong Kong is 81. The public system is funded by general tax revenue and treatment is highly subsidised; on average, 95 per cent of healthcare costs is covered by the government. Income inequality has risen since the transfer of sovereignty, as the region's ageing population has gradually added to the number of economically inactive people. While median household income has steadily increased in the last decade, the wage gap remains high. The 90th percentile of earners receives 41 per cent of all income. The city also has the most billionaires per capita, with one per 109,657 people. Despite government efforts to reduce the growing disparity, median income for the top 10 per cent of earners is 44 times that of the bottom 10 per cent. The is one of the. Hong Kong has a , characterised by , minimal government market intervention, and an established international financial market. Hong Kong's economy has consistently ranked at the top of the 's index of since 1995, but the territory suffers from a relatively high level of. Hong Kong is the seventh largest trading entity in both and , trading more goods in value than its gross domestic product. Over half of its cargo throughput consists of , or goods travelling through Hong Kong. Products from mainland China alone account for about 40 per cent of that traffic. The city's location allowed it to establish a transportation and logistics infrastructure system that includes the fifth busiest container port in the world and the busiest airport for international cargo. The territory's largest export markets are mainland China and the United States. The territory has little arable land and few natural resources, so it imports most of its food and raw materials. Imports account for more than 90 per cent of Hong Kong's food supply, including nearly all the meat and rice available there. Agricultural activity outputs a marginal 0. While the territory boasted one of the largest manufacturing economies in Asia during the latter half of the colonial era, Hong Kong's economy is now dominated by the services sector. Services alone constitute 92. Between 1961 and 1997, Hong Kong's multiplied by a factor of 180, while per-capita GDP increased 87 times over. The territory's GDP relative to mainland China's peaked at 27 per cent in 1993, but this has since fallen significantly as the mainland developed and liberalised its economy, declining to less than 3 per cent in 2017. Trading floor of the Economic and infrastructure integration with China has increased significantly from the start of in the mainland in 1978. Since resumption of in 1979, many rail and road links have been improved and constructed, facilitating trade between the regions. The formalised a policy of free trade between the two areas. Each jurisdiction pledged to remove remaining obstacles to trade and cross-boundary investments. A similar economic partnership arrangement with Macau also details liberalisation of trade and deregulation of the movement of goods and services between the two special administrative regions. Chinese companies have greatly expanded their economic presence in the territory since the transfer of sovereignty. Mainland firms now represent over half of the value, up from 5 per cent in 1997. As the mainland liberalised its economy, Hong Kong's shipping industry faced severe competition from other Chinese ports. While 50 per cent of China's trade goods were routed through Hong Kong in 1997, that figure dropped to about 13 per cent by 2015. Conversely, the territory's minimal taxation, common law system, and effective civil service attract overseas corporations looking to establish a presence in Asia. The city hosts the second highest number of corporate headquarters in the region. Additionally, Hong Kong is a gateway for into China. Investors have open access to mainland Chinese markets through direct links with the and stock exchanges. The territory was the first market outside of mainland China for and remains one of the largest hubs for offshore renminbi trading. The government traditionally adopted a passive role in the economy. Colonial governments had little by way of and implemented almost no. Active intervention was thought to be detrimental to economic growth. While the economy transitioned to become services-based in the 1980s, late colonial governments steadily introduced interventionist policies. Post-handover administrations continued and expanded on these programmes, including guarantees, a , a minimum wage, , and a state mortgage backer. Tourism forms a major part of the economy, accounting for 5% of GDP. It is also the most popular city for tourists, receiving over 70 per cent more visitors than its closest competitor, Macau. The city is further consistently ranked as one of the. Entrance to the in , Hong Kong has a highly developed and sophisticated transport network. Over 90% of daily journeys are made on public transport, the highest such percentage in the world. The , a card, is widely accepted on railways, buses, and ferries, and can be used for payment in most retail stores. The MTR is an extensive passenger railway network, connecting 93 stations throughout the territory. With a daily ridership of over five million, the system serves 41% of all public transit passengers in the city and is extremely punctual, achieving an on-time rate of 99. Cross-boundary train service to is offered by the and longer distance to , , and are operated from. While public transport systems handle the majority of passenger traffic, there are over 500,000 private vehicles licensed in Hong Kong. Automobiles drive , unlike in mainland China, due to historical influence from the British Empire. Vehicle traffic is extremely congested in urban areas, exacerbated by limited space to expand roads and a growing number of vehicles. More than 18,000 , easily identifiable by their bright paint, are licensed to carry riders in the territory. Highways are organised as the , connecting all major geographic areas of the territory. When completed, the will create a direct route to the western side of the Pearl River estuary. Over 100 airlines operate flights from the airport, including locally based , , low-cost carrier , and cargo airline. It is the and also handles. The majority of private recreational aviation traffic flies through under supervision of the. The operates two lines across for its 53,000 daily passengers. Ferries also serve inaccessible by other means. Smaller boats serve the most remote coastal settlements. Cross-boundary travel to Macau and mainland China is available by ferry as well. The , the first public transport system in Hong Kong, has provided vertical rail transport between Central and Victoria Peak since 1888. In the , there is an extensive system of escalators and , including the longest outdoor covered escalator system in the world, the. The MTR operates the system serving the northwestern New Territories. Utilities Main articles: , , and Hong Kong imports almost all its generated electricity and fuel. The vast majority of this energy comes from fossil fuels, with 46% from coal and 47% from petroleum. The rest is from other imports, including nuclear energy generated on the mainland. Renewable sources only account for a negligible amount of total energy generated for the territory. Wind power sources have been developed at very low scale, and a small number of private homes have deployed solar panels for residential use. With few natural lakes and rivers, a high population density, inaccessible groundwater sources, and extremely seasonal rainfall, the territory does not have a reliable source of fresh water. The in Guangdong supplies 70% of the city's water, while the remaining demand is filled by harvesting rainwater. Toilets flush using seawater, greatly reducing freshwater usage. Broadband Internet access is widely available, with 92. Connections over are increasingly prevalent, contributing to the high regional average connection speed of 21. Mobile phone usage in Hong Kong is ubiquitous; there are more than 18 million , more than double the total number of residents in the territory. See also: Hong Kong is often characterised as a hybrid of and. Traditional Chinese values emphasising family and education are blended with progressive Western ideals, including economic liberty and the rule of law. Though the vast majority of the population is ethnically Chinese, Hong Kong has developed a distinct identity. The territory diverged from the mainland due to the long period of colonial administration and a differing pace of economic, social, and cultural development. Mainstream culture is derived from immigrants originating from various parts of China. This was influenced by British-style education, a separate political system, and the territory's rapid development during the late 20th century. Most incoming migrants were fleeing poverty and war, which is reflected in the way that people in Hong Kong today view wealth, tending to quite closely tie self-image and decision-making to material benefits. Traditional Chinese family values are prevalent among the population. These include , , and. But, multi-generational and extended family living arrangements are also not unusual. Spiritual concepts like are very seriously considered. Large-scale construction projects often hire consultants to ensure proper building positioning and layouts. The degree of adherence to feng shui is believed to determine the success of a business. Cuisine Left: typical fare at a dim sum restaurant. Right: breakfast food with. Food in Hong Kong is primarily based on , despite the territory's sustained exposure to foreign influences and many residents with varied origins. Rice is the primary staple food and is usually served plain with other dishes. Freshness of ingredients is particularly emphasised. Poultry and seafood are commonly sold live at wet markets and ingredients are used as quickly as possible. There are five mealtimes: breakfast, lunch, afternoon tea, dinner, and. Large groups of family and friends gather to , the social tradition of gathering to dine at a teahouse or restaurant. Characteristic dishes include , , , , and. Local interpretations of Western food are served at fast, casual diners called. Common menu items at these restaurants include macaroni soup, deep-fried French toast, and. Cinema A statue of on the , a tribute to the city's Hong Kong developed into a major filmmaking hub in the late 1940s, as a wave of Shanghai filmmakers migrated to the territory. These movie veterans helped rebuild the colony's entertainment industry through the next decade. By the 1960s, the city itself was already well-known to overseas audiences through foreign films like. But it was not until the 1972 release of the film that local productions became popular outside of Hong Kong. Building on this momentum, films in the 1980s including , , and expanded global interest beyond. Locally made gangster movies, romantic dramas, and supernatural fantasies became hugely popular. Hong Kong cinema in the 1990s continued to find international success through critically acclaimed dramatic pictures such as , , and. Nevertheless, the city's film industry roots in martial arts can often be observed through the roles of the most prolific Hong Kong actors. At the height of the local movie industry in the early 1990s, over 400 films were produced each year. Since then, industry momentum shifted towards mainland China. The annual number of films produced has declined significantly, to around 60 in 2017. Music left is considered one of the pioneering artists of the Cantopop genre. This musical style evolved from Shanghai-style , influenced by and Western pop as well. Overseas popularity of Hong Kong films and dramas allowed Cantopop to capture large followings. Local media featured songs performed by artists such as , , and. Throughout the 1980s, these movies and shows were exported outside of the territory and exposed Cantopop to a global audience. The genre continued to enjoy peak popularity in the 1990s as the dominated record charts throughout Asia. Despite a general decline since the late 1990s, Cantopop remains dominant in Hong Kong today. More recent contemporary artists such as , , and continue to be popular within and outside the territory. Western classical music has historically had a strong presence in Hong Kong, and remains a large part of local musical education. The publicly-funded is the territory's oldest professional symphony orchestra and frequently host musicians and conductors from overseas. The , composed solely of , is the leading Chinese ensemble counterpart and plays a large role in promoting traditional music in the local community. Sport and recreation The is considered the premier tournament on the and is held annually in spring. Despite its small area, the territory is home to a wide range of sports and recreational facilities. Hong Kong maintains regional sports teams to represent itself abroad, and participates in international competitions apart from Chinese national teams. The city has hosted a number of major sporting events, including the , the , and the. The territory regularly hosts the , , , and , additionally serving as the inaugural host city for the and where the was held. The region has participated at almost every Summer Olympics since 1952, earning throughout the competitions. Hong Kong athletes have also won and. No longer part of the , the city's last appearance at the Commonwealth Games was in. The holds a statutory monopoly on gambling and is the largest taxpayer in the territory. Betting duties alone account for over 7 per cent of revenue collected by the government. Three forms of gambling are legal in Hong Kong: lotteries, horse race betting, and football betting. The race was revived as a modern sport as part of the 's efforts to promote Hong Kong's image abroad. The first modern competition was organised in 1976, and overseas teams began competing in the first international race in 1993. A large variety of Chinese-language publications are distributed daily; the most prominent are , , and the. Local publications are often overt in their political affiliations, showing either pro-Beijing or pro-democracy sympathies. The central government itself maintains a print media presence in the territory through the state-owned and. Several international publications base their regional operations in Hong Kong as well, including , , , , , and. Three television broadcasters operate in Hong Kong; , , and Fantastic TV in total air three and eight channels. TVB, the dominant television network in the territory, has an 80% share of viewership. Access to media and information over the Internet is not subject to regulations applicable in the mainland, including restrictions through the. English shares equal status with Chinese in all official proceedings. A person without Chinese nationality who has entered Hong Kong with a valid travel document, has ordinarily resided there for a continuous period not less than seven years, and is permanently domiciled in the territory would be legally recognized as a. Retrieved 15 January 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2017. Underground Pride Motion picture. Retrieved 18 November 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2017. 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